Buffer insertion plays an important role in circuit performance and signal integrity especially in deep submicron technologies. The stage at which buffers are inserted in a design has a large impact on the design quality. Early buffer insertion may cause mis-estimation due to unknown cell locations whereas buffer insertion after placement may not be very effective because the cell locations have been fixed and buffer resources may be distributed inappropriately. In this paper, a buffer planning algorithm for floor-placement design flow is presented. This algorithm creates a map of buffer requirements in various regions of the design at the floorplanning stage and then enforces the detailed placer to distribute white spaces with respect to the estimated buffer requirement map. Experimental results show that the proposed method improves the performance of attempted circuits with fewer buffers. Furthermore, results show that congestion, routability and design convergence are improved and the auxiliary loops are avoided in the proposed design flow. Our analyses and experiments show that the CPU time overhead of this algorithm is very small.

Introduction: Usually osseointegration takes between three to six months after implant placement but patients are interested to have early loading. There are no definitive criteria for measuring bone mineral density (BMD), insertion torque (IT) (final torque force) and resonance frequency analysis (RFA) (primary implant stability) to determine exact loading time based on the relationship between the above-mentioned parameters. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between IT, RFA and BMD in screw-type implants.Materials and Methods: This clinical trial was conducted on 18 patients who were candidates for ITI implant placement. Written consent was taken and jaw bone density was determined via a digital radiography technique before surgery. After implant placement, RFA and IT were measured. Fifty-five ITI implants of the total 62 implants placed were evaluated; the implants were 12 mm long with a diameter of 4.1 mm. Data was analyzed with Pearson’s test using SPSS.15 software (a=0.05).Results: There was a significant relationship between IT, RFA and BMD. Pearson’s test showed a correlation coefficient of 0.872 to 0.789 between the three parameters, indicating a strong relationship between them. The mean bone density was 1.468±0.042 g/cm2; the mean RFA was 66.01±2.2 ISQ and the mean IT was 34.62±3.33 N/cm2.Conclusion: Based on the results of the present study there is a significant relationship between, IT, RFA and BMD (p value=0.001).

Aim and Background: Nocardia spp are Gram-positive, partially acid-fast causing various infections. Due to the complex structure of the cell wall of the microorganism that is similar to mycobacteria, DNA extraction from this bacterium is different from other bacteria. The boiling method with STET buffer solution was used for DNA extraction of Nocardia.Materials and Methods: Nocardia colonies were suspended in 200 ml STET buffer and was boiled for 30 minutes. Suspension was centrifuged and transferred to another micro tube and Ethanol %95 was added and saved at -20oC for 30 minutes. After this stage, sample was centrifuged and the supernatant was discarded. In the first stage, distilled water was added and stored at -20oC for molecular works. To confirm the presence and quality of the DNA extract, the electrophoresis on a %1 agarose gel was carried out and PCR reaction 16S rRNA gene was used.Results: DNA was extracted on agarose gel and the purity and quality was appropriate. 16S rRNA gene PCR was then performed and observed to be 1500 bp.

Because of the fundamental role of production flow lines in modern industry, considerable attention has paid to how improve their efficiency. A particular performance measure indicating efficiency is throughput. Throughput is the number of completed units of work per time period in steady state. In general, the throughput of a production line increases, or at least remains constant, as the buffer capacities increase. A larger throughput is usually the consequence of a larger buffer configuration, which, in turn, yields a larger inventory accumulation. One of the main problems with designing a production flow line is to determine the appropriate amount of buffers between stations in order to achieve the goals. This is known as a Buffer Allocation Problem (BAP). The BAP is a nonlinear, multi-objective one in integer variables. The purpose of this paper is to present a heuristic algorithm to find the optimal allocation of buffers that maximizes throughput. The main idea is to find the amount of buffers under which the system operates, as a system with infinite buffer capacity, so the stations will be independent of each other and throughput becomes maximum. Numerical results are used to demonstrate the accuracy of the proposed algorithm. The algorithm finds the allocation where it's throughput is maximum, or only slightly less than maximum. But where it's total buffer capacity is considerably less than optimal allocation.

Objective: Assessment of camel sperm motility obtained from cauda epididymis in Green buffer with or without 20% egg yolk. Design: Descriptive study. Samples: Testicles from Dromedary camel. Procedure: Dromedary camel testicles (n=100) were obtained from slaughter-house, cauda were incised in the laboratory. The sperm cells were transferred into Green Buffer medium and sperm motility was assessed. Statistical analysis: Descriptive statistics, χ2-test. Results: No motility was observed in epididymal sperm obtained from testicles transported in warm saline, however, transportation of testicles in 4-5°C supported sperm motility by 80%. After incubation, 5% of sperm cells from caput epididymis were motile. These values were 20%, 50% and 90% for caput-body, body-cauda and cauda regions respectively. No significant different was observed between motility of right and left testicles respectively. Approximately 80% of epididymal sperm cells from cauda epididymis were motile in Green buffer + 20% egg yolk after 1 hour incubation which was significantly higher (P<0.01) than sperm cells from corpus (30%) and caput (5%) epididymis. These values were 70%, 10% and 0 for cauda, corpus and caput epididymis in 2nd hour. Motility of caudal sperm cell were higher in Green buffer without egg yolk at first 2 hours of incubation but it decreased and remained lower during the observation. Conclusion: Dromedary camel epididymal sperm cells motility is supported by Green buffer.    

According to the role of cyclical behavior of capital buffer in the effectiveness of monetary policy, in this article the quarterly average capital buffer for the whole Iranian banking sector and each banking group has been estimated for the period 1386-1: 1393-4 based on capital adequacy circular of the central bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran and its behavior has been compared with the business cycle. The results confirm the countercyclical behavior of the average capital buffer in the whole banking sector and in the commercial, specialized and privatized banks, despites its pro-cyclical behavior in the private banks. This variable performs the countercyclical behavior in the group of large private and privatized banks and small private banks, while it has the pro-cyclical characteristic in the group of small private and privatized banks and large private banks. Hence, the probability of neutralizing the monetary policy effect exerted with the aim of leaving recession would exist. Thus, the necessity of exerting strategies for dampening the severity of countercyclical behavior of regulatory capital buffer in the banking sector is observed.

Objectives: Use of miniscrews has become very common in orthodontic treatment of patients. Following tissue manipulation during miniscrew placement, bacteremia may occur, which is important in patients susceptible to infective endocarditis. This study aimed to investigate the possibility of bacteremia following orthodontic miniscrew placement. Materials and Methods: The present quasi-experimental study was conducted on 30 orthodontic patients, including 11 males (36. 7%) and 19 females (63. 3%) with a mean age of 23. 67±, 4. 87 years, who required miniscrew placement in their treatment plan. Two blood samples were taken from the patients for aerobic and anaerobic cultures right before and 30-60 seconds after miniscrew placement. To investigate the presence of bacteremia, the blood samples were incubated in an automated blood culture machine for five days. The standard biological methods were used for the positive sample(s) to identify the type of bacteria. Data analysis was performed using the McNemar test. Results: The blood samples of 29 patients were negative for the bacteria before and after miniscrew placement. Blood sample of one patient was positive for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria after miniscrew placement. However, bacteremia was negative in the initial (preplacement) blood samples for both aerobes and anaerobes. Conclusion: Miniscrew placement in orthodontic patients was not associated with bacteremia.

The Counter-intuitive behavior which means that the permanent de ection of the elastic-plastic beam come to rest in opposite direction of the impulsive loading، normally appears and disappears abruptly، in certain small ranges of the loading and structural parameters. One of the most important issues in the study of this phenomenon is the determination of the in uence of the different parameters on this behavior. This present paper studied the e ects of hardening in the counter-intuitive dynamic behavior of the elastic-plastic pin-ended beams under impulsive loading، by developing the proposed Galerkin's numerical model and by presenting a novel algorithm. Galerkin's method as well as Finite element code ANSYS/LS-DYNA were applied to study this phenomenon and the results of these two methods have been compared. In order to regard the hardening e ects in Galerkin's method، a new algorithm was proposed. To test the validity of our proposed algorithm، the response of the elastic-perfectly plastic beam was rstly studied، and the hardening e ects on the counter-intuitive response was investigated afterwards. The displacementtime history curves of mid-span of the beam were studied in detail and the region of the occurrence of the counterintuitive behavior was determined. Furthermore، using the nite element code، energy diagrams of the beam were also investigated. It was been found out that the counter-intuitive response is a phenomenon which is very sensitive to loading so that it may appear with a little change in the amount of loading. The results also showed that when considering the hardening e ects، both methods predicted two continuous and distinct regions of loading for the occurrence of this phenomenon where the rst had a narrower band and occurred in the tight region of the impulsive loading while the next one had a wider band and occurred in the vast region of the impulsive loading. In addition، our investigations on the energy diagrams showed that، this anomalous behavior would occur in the proper proportions of kinetic to internal energy.